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GRPOLoss

class torchrl.objectives.llm.GRPOLoss(*args, **kwargs)[source]

GRPO loss.

The clipped importance weighted loss is computed as follows:

loss = -min( weight * advantage, min(max(weight, 1-eps), 1+eps) * advantage)

Parameters:

actor_network (ProbabilisticTensorDictSequential) – policy operator.

Note

It is critical to keep your model in eval mode during GRPO training to ensure deterministic behavior and correct importance sampling. A mismatch between train and eval modes is a common cause of instability or failure to learn in RL post-training.

Note

The Effective Sample Size (ESS) is a key diagnostic metric in GRPO. ESS measures the effective number of samples in the batch, computed as the inverse of the sum of the squared importance weights. A value of 1 indicates that all importance weights are equal (ideal case). If ESS drops or increases significantly, it usually indicates a problem with the model configuration, such as a train/eval mode mismatch or a large policy update.

Keyword Arguments:

  • clip_epsilon (scalar, optional) – weight clipping threshold in the clipped PPO loss equation. default: 0.2

  • entropy_bonus (bool, optional) – if True, an entropy bonus will be added to the loss to favour exploratory policies.

  • samples_mc_entropy (int, optional) – if the distribution retrieved from the policy operator does not have a closed form formula for the entropy, a Monte-Carlo estimate will be used. samples_mc_entropy will control how many samples will be used to compute this estimate. Defaults to 1.

  • entropy_coeff (scalar, optional) – entropy multiplier when computing the total loss. Defaults to 0.01.

  • advantage_key (str, optional) – [Deprecated, use set_keys(advantage_key=advantage_key) instead] The input tensordict key where the advantage is expected to be written. Defaults to "advantage".

  • reduction (str, optional) – Specifies the reduction to apply to the output: "none" | "mean" | "sum". "none": no reduction will be applied, "mean": the sum of the output will be divided by the number of elements in the output, "sum": the output will be summed. Default: "mean".

  • clip_value (bool or float, optional) – If a float is provided, it will be used to compute a clipped version of the value prediction with respect to the input tensordict value estimate and use it to calculate the value loss. The purpose of clipping is to limit the impact of extreme value predictions, helping stabilize training and preventing large updates. However, it will have no impact if the value estimate was done by the current version of the value estimator. If instead True is provided, the clip_epsilon parameter will be used as the clipping threshold. If not provided or False, no clipping will be performed. Defaults to False.

  • kl_to_ref_coeff (float, optional) – coefficient for the KL divergence to the reference policy. Defaults to None (no KL divergence).

  • kl_to_inference_coeff (float, optional) – coefficient for the KL divergence to the inference policy. Defaults to None (no KL divergence).

  • device (torch.device, optional) –

    device of the buffers. Defaults to None.

    Note

    Parameters and buffers from the policy / critic will not be cast to that device to ensure that the storages match the ones that are passed to other components, such as data collectors.

add_module(name: str, module: Optional[Module]) → None

Add a child module to the current module.

The module can be accessed as an attribute using the given name.

Parameters:

  • name (str) – name of the child module. The child module can be accessed from this module using the given name

  • module (Module) – child module to be added to the module.

apply(fn: Callable[[Module], None]) → Self

Apply fn recursively to every submodule (as returned by .children()) as well as self.

Typical use includes initializing the parameters of a model (see also torch.nn.init).

Parameters:

fn (Module -> None) – function to be applied to each submodule

Returns:

self

Return type:

Module

Example:

>>> @torch.no_grad()
>>> def init_weights(m):
>>>     print(m)
>>>     if type(m) == nn.Linear:
>>>         m.weight.fill_(1.0)
>>>         print(m.weight)
>>> net = nn.Sequential(nn.Linear(2, 2), nn.Linear(2, 2))
>>> net.apply(init_weights)
Linear(in_features=2, out_features=2, bias=True)
Parameter containing:
tensor([[1., 1.],
        [1., 1.]], requires_grad=True)
Linear(in_features=2, out_features=2, bias=True)
Parameter containing:
tensor([[1., 1.],
        [1., 1.]], requires_grad=True)
Sequential(
  (0): Linear(in_features=2, out_features=2, bias=True)
  (1): Linear(in_features=2, out_features=2, bias=True)
)
bfloat16() → Self

Casts all floating point parameters and buffers to bfloat16 datatype.

Note

This method modifies the module in-place.

Returns:

self

Return type:

Module

buffers(recurse: bool = True) → Iterator[Tensor]

Return an iterator over module buffers.

Parameters:

recurse (bool) – if True, then yields buffers of this module and all submodules. Otherwise, yields only buffers that are direct members of this module.

Yields:

torch.Tensor – module buffer

Example:

>>> # xdoctest: +SKIP("undefined vars")
>>> for buf in model.buffers():
>>>     print(type(buf), buf.size())
<class 'torch.Tensor'> (20L,)
<class 'torch.Tensor'> (20L, 1L, 5L, 5L)
children() → Iterator[Module]

Return an iterator over immediate children modules.

Yields:

Module – a child module

compile(*args, **kwargs)

Compile this Module’s forward using torch.compile().

This Module’s __call__ method is compiled and all arguments are passed as-is to torch.compile().

See torch.compile() for details on the arguments for this function.

convert_to_functional(module: TensorDictModule, module_name: str, expand_dim: int | None = None, create_target_params: bool = False, compare_against: list[Parameter] | None = None, **kwargs) → None

Converts a module to functional to be used in the loss.

Parameters:

  • module (TensorDictModule or compatible) – a stateful tensordict module. Parameters from this module will be isolated in the <module_name>_params attribute and a stateless version of the module will be registered under the module_name attribute.

  • module_name (str) – name where the module will be found. The parameters of the module will be found under loss_module.<module_name>_params whereas the module will be found under loss_module.<module_name>.

  • expand_dim (int, optional) –

    if provided, the parameters of the module

    will be expanded N times, where N = expand_dim along the first dimension. This option is to be used whenever a target network with more than one configuration is to be used.

    Note

    If a compare_against list of values is provided, the resulting parameters will simply be a detached expansion of the original parameters. If compare_against is not provided, the value of the parameters will be resampled uniformly between the minimum and maximum value of the parameter content.

    create_target_params (bool, optional): if True, a detached

    copy of the parameter will be available to feed a target network under the name loss_module.<module_name>_target_params. If False (default), this attribute will still be available but it will be a detached instance of the parameters, not a copy. In other words, any modification of the parameter value will directly be reflected in the target parameters.

  • compare_against (iterable of parameters, optional) – if provided, this list of parameters will be used as a comparison set for the parameters of the module. If the parameters are expanded (expand_dim > 0), the resulting parameters for the module will be a simple expansion of the original parameter. Otherwise, the resulting parameters will be a detached version of the original parameters. If None, the resulting parameters will carry gradients as expected.

cpu() → Self

Move all model parameters and buffers to the CPU.

Note

This method modifies the module in-place.

Returns:

self

Return type:

Module

cuda(device: Optional[Union[device, int]] = None) → Self

Move all model parameters and buffers to the GPU.

This also makes associated parameters and buffers different objects. So it should be called before constructing the optimizer if the module will live on GPU while being optimized.

Note

This method modifies the module in-place.

Parameters:

device (int, optional) – if specified, all parameters will be copied to that device

Returns:

self

Return type:

Module

default_keys

alias of _AcceptedKeys

double() → Self

Casts all floating point parameters and buffers to double datatype.

Note

This method modifies the module in-place.

Returns:

self

Return type:

Module

eval() → Self

Set the module in evaluation mode.

This has an effect only on certain modules. See the documentation of particular modules for details of their behaviors in training/evaluation mode, i.e. whether they are affected, e.g. Dropout, BatchNorm, etc.

This is equivalent with self.train(False).

See Locally disabling gradient computation for a comparison between .eval() and several similar mechanisms that may be confused with it.

Returns:

self

Return type:

Module

extra_repr() → str

Return the extra representation of the module.

To print customized extra information, you should re-implement this method in your own modules. Both single-line and multi-line strings are acceptable.

float() → Self

Casts all floating point parameters and buffers to float datatype.

Note

This method modifies the module in-place.

Returns:

self

Return type:

Module

forward(tensordict: TensorDictBase) → GRPOLossOutput[source]

It is designed to read an input TensorDict and return another tensordict with loss keys named “loss*”.

Splitting the loss in its component can then be used by the trainer to log the various loss values throughout training. Other scalars present in the output tensordict will be logged too.

Parameters:

tensordict – an input tensordict with the values required to compute the loss.

Returns:

A new tensordict with no batch dimension containing various loss scalars which will be named “loss*”. It is essential that the losses are returned with this name as they will be read by the trainer before backpropagation.

from_stateful_net(network_name: str, stateful_net: Module)

Populates the parameters of a model given a stateful version of the network.

See get_stateful_net() for details on how to gather a stateful version of the network.

Parameters:

  • network_name (str) – the network name to reset.

  • stateful_net (nn.Module) – the stateful network from which the params should be gathered.

property functional

Whether the module is functional.

Unless it has been specifically designed not to be functional, all losses are functional.

get_buffer(target: str) → Tensor

Return the buffer given by target if it exists, otherwise throw an error.

See the docstring for get_submodule for a more detailed explanation of this method’s functionality as well as how to correctly specify target.

Parameters:

target – The fully-qualified string name of the buffer to look for. (See get_submodule for how to specify a fully-qualified string.)

Returns:

The buffer referenced by target

Return type:

torch.Tensor

Raises:

AttributeError – If the target string references an invalid path or resolves to something that is not a buffer

get_extra_state() → Any

Return any extra state to include in the module’s state_dict.

Implement this and a corresponding set_extra_state() for your module if you need to store extra state. This function is called when building the module’s state_dict().

Note that extra state should be picklable to ensure working serialization of the state_dict. We only provide backwards compatibility guarantees for serializing Tensors; other objects may break backwards compatibility if their serialized pickled form changes.

Returns:

Any extra state to store in the module’s state_dict

Return type:

object

get_parameter(target: str) → Parameter

Return the parameter given by target if it exists, otherwise throw an error.

See the docstring for get_submodule for a more detailed explanation of this method’s functionality as well as how to correctly specify target.

Parameters:

target – The fully-qualified string name of the Parameter to look for. (See get_submodule for how to specify a fully-qualified string.)

Returns:

The Parameter referenced by target

Return type:

torch.nn.Parameter

Raises:

AttributeError – If the target string references an invalid path or resolves to something that is not an nn.Parameter

get_stateful_net(network_name: str, copy: bool | None = None)

Returns a stateful version of the network.

This can be used to initialize parameters.

Such networks will often not be callable out-of-the-box and will require a vmap call to be executable.

Parameters:

  • network_name (str) – the network name to gather.

  • copy (bool, optional) –

    if True, a deepcopy of the network is made. Defaults to True.

    Note

    if the module is not functional, no copy is made.

get_submodule(target: str) → Module

Return the submodule given by target if it exists, otherwise throw an error.

For example, let’s say you have an nn.Module A that looks like this:

A(
    (net_b): Module(
        (net_c): Module(
            (conv): Conv2d(16, 33, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(2, 2))
        )
        (linear): Linear(in_features=100, out_features=200, bias=True)
    )
)

(The diagram shows an nn.Module A. A which has a nested submodule net_b, which itself has two submodules net_c and linear. net_c then has a submodule conv.)

To check whether or not we have the linear submodule, we would call get_submodule("net_b.linear"). To check whether we have the conv submodule, we would call get_submodule("net_b.net_c.conv").

The runtime of get_submodule is bounded by the degree of module nesting in target. A query against named_modules achieves the same result, but it is O(N) in the number of transitive modules. So, for a simple check to see if some submodule exists, get_submodule should always be used.

Parameters:

target – The fully-qualified string name of the submodule to look for. (See above example for how to specify a fully-qualified string.)

Returns:

The submodule referenced by target

Return type:

torch.nn.Module

Raises:

AttributeError – If at any point along the path resulting from the target string the (sub)path resolves to a non-existent attribute name or an object that is not an instance of nn.Module.

half() → Self

Casts all floating point parameters and buffers to half datatype.

Note

This method modifies the module in-place.

Returns:

self

Return type:

Module

ipu(device: Optional[Union[device, int]] = None) → Self

Move all model parameters and buffers to the IPU.

This also makes associated parameters and buffers different objects. So it should be called before constructing the optimizer if the module will live on IPU while being optimized.

Note

This method modifies the module in-place.

Parameters:

device (int, optional) – if specified, all parameters will be copied to that device

Returns:

self

Return type:

Module

static is_tdmodule_compatible(module)

Checks if a module is compatible with TensorDictModule API.

load_state_dict(state_dict: Mapping[str, Any], strict: bool = True, assign: bool = False)

Copy parameters and buffers from state_dict into this module and its descendants.

If strict is True, then the keys of state_dict must exactly match the keys returned by this module’s state_dict() function.

Warning

If assign is True the optimizer must be created after the call to load_state_dict unless get_swap_module_params_on_conversion() is True.

Parameters:

  • state_dict (dict) – a dict containing parameters and persistent buffers.

  • strict (bool, optional) – whether to strictly enforce that the keys in state_dict match the keys returned by this module’s state_dict() function. Default: True

  • assign (bool, optional) – When set to False, the properties of the tensors in the current module are preserved whereas setting it to True preserves properties of the Tensors in the state dict. The only exception is the requires_grad field of Parameter for which the value from the module is preserved. Default: False

Returns:

  • missing_keys is a list of str containing any keys that are expected

    by this module but missing from the provided state_dict.

  • unexpected_keys is a list of str containing the keys that are not

    expected by this module but present in the provided state_dict.

Return type:

NamedTuple with missing_keys and unexpected_keys fields

Note

If a parameter or buffer is registered as None and its corresponding key exists in state_dict, load_state_dict() will raise a RuntimeError.

loss_critic(tensordict: TensorDictBase) → Tensor

Returns the critic loss multiplied by critic_coef, if it is not None.

make_value_estimator(value_type: Optional[ValueEstimators] = None, **hyperparams)

Value-function constructor.

If the non-default value function is wanted, it must be built using this method.

Parameters:

  • value_type (ValueEstimators) – A ValueEstimators enum type indicating the value function to use. If none is provided, the default stored in the default_value_estimator attribute will be used. The resulting value estimator class will be registered in self.value_type, allowing future refinements.

  • **hyperparams – hyperparameters to use for the value function. If not provided, the value indicated by default_value_kwargs() will be used.

Examples

>>> from torchrl.objectives import DQNLoss
>>> # initialize the DQN loss
>>> actor = torch.nn.Linear(3, 4)
>>> dqn_loss = DQNLoss(actor, action_space="one-hot")
>>> # updating the parameters of the default value estimator
>>> dqn_loss.make_value_estimator(gamma=0.9)
>>> dqn_loss.make_value_estimator(
...     ValueEstimators.TD1,
...     gamma=0.9)
>>> # if we want to change the gamma value
>>> dqn_loss.make_value_estimator(dqn_loss.value_type, gamma=0.9)
modules() → Iterator[Module]

Return an iterator over all modules in the network.

Yields:

Module – a module in the network

Note

Duplicate modules are returned only once. In the following example, l will be returned only once.

Example:

>>> l = nn.Linear(2, 2)
>>> net = nn.Sequential(l, l)
>>> for idx, m in enumerate(net.modules()):
...     print(idx, '->', m)

0 -> Sequential(
  (0): Linear(in_features=2, out_features=2, bias=True)
  (1): Linear(in_features=2, out_features=2, bias=True)
)
1 -> Linear(in_features=2, out_features=2, bias=True)
mtia(device: Optional[Union[device, int]] = None) → Self

Move all model parameters and buffers to the MTIA.

This also makes associated parameters and buffers different objects. So it should be called before constructing the optimizer if the module will live on MTIA while being optimized.

Note

This method modifies the module in-place.

Parameters:

device (int, optional) – if specified, all parameters will be copied to that device

Returns:

self

Return type:

Module

named_buffers(prefix: str = '', recurse: bool = True, remove_duplicate: bool = True) → Iterator[tuple[str, torch.Tensor]]

Return an iterator over module buffers, yielding both the name of the buffer as well as the buffer itself.

Parameters:

  • prefix (str) – prefix to prepend to all buffer names.

  • recurse (bool, optional) – if True, then yields buffers of this module and all submodules. Otherwise, yields only buffers that are direct members of this module. Defaults to True.

  • remove_duplicate (bool, optional) – whether to remove the duplicated buffers in the result. Defaults to True.

Yields:

(str, torch.Tensor) – Tuple containing the name and buffer

Example:

>>> # xdoctest: +SKIP("undefined vars")
>>> for name, buf in self.named_buffers():
>>>     if name in ['running_var']:
>>>         print(buf.size())
named_children() → Iterator[tuple[str, 'Module']]

Return an iterator over immediate children modules, yielding both the name of the module as well as the module itself.

Yields:

(str, Module) – Tuple containing a name and child module

Example:

>>> # xdoctest: +SKIP("undefined vars")
>>> for name, module in model.named_children():
>>>     if name in ['conv4', 'conv5']:
>>>         print(module)
named_modules(memo: Optional[set['Module']] = None, prefix: str = '', remove_duplicate: bool = True)

Return an iterator over all modules in the network, yielding both the name of the module as well as the module itself.

Parameters:

  • memo – a memo to store the set of modules already added to the result

  • prefix – a prefix that will be added to the name of the module

  • remove_duplicate – whether to remove the duplicated module instances in the result or not

Yields:

(str, Module) – Tuple of name and module

Note

Duplicate modules are returned only once. In the following example, l will be returned only once.

Example:

>>> l = nn.Linear(2, 2)
>>> net = nn.Sequential(l, l)
>>> for idx, m in enumerate(net.named_modules()):
...     print(idx, '->', m)

0 -> ('', Sequential(
  (0): Linear(in_features=2, out_features=2, bias=True)
  (1): Linear(in_features=2, out_features=2, bias=True)
))
1 -> ('0', Linear(in_features=2, out_features=2, bias=True))
named_parameters(prefix: str = '', recurse: bool = True) → Iterator[tuple[str, torch.nn.parameter.Parameter]]

Return an iterator over module parameters, yielding both the name of the parameter as well as the parameter itself.

Parameters:

  • prefix (str) – prefix to prepend to all parameter names.

  • recurse (bool) – if True, then yields parameters of this module and all submodules. Otherwise, yields only parameters that are direct members of this module.

  • remove_duplicate (bool, optional) – whether to remove the duplicated parameters in the result. Defaults to True.

Yields:

(str, Parameter) – Tuple containing the name and parameter

Example:

>>> # xdoctest: +SKIP("undefined vars")
>>> for name, param in self.named_parameters():
>>>     if name in ['bias']:
>>>         print(param.size())
parameters(recurse: bool = True) → Iterator[Parameter]

Return an iterator over module parameters.

This is typically passed to an optimizer.

Parameters:

recurse (bool) – if True, then yields parameters of this module and all submodules. Otherwise, yields only parameters that are direct members of this module.

Yields:

Parameter – module parameter

Example:

>>> # xdoctest: +SKIP("undefined vars")
>>> for param in model.parameters():
>>>     print(type(param), param.size())
<class 'torch.Tensor'> (20L,)
<class 'torch.Tensor'> (20L, 1L, 5L, 5L)
register_backward_hook(hook: Callable[[Module, Union[tuple[torch.Tensor, ...], Tensor], Union[tuple[torch.Tensor, ...], Tensor]], Union[None, tuple[torch.Tensor, ...], Tensor]]) → RemovableHandle

Register a backward hook on the module.

This function is deprecated in favor of register_full_backward_hook() and the behavior of this function will change in future versions.

Returns:

a handle that can be used to remove the added hook by calling handle.remove()

Return type:

torch.utils.hooks.RemovableHandle

register_buffer(name: str, tensor: Optional[Tensor], persistent: bool = True) → None

Add a buffer to the module.

This is typically used to register a buffer that should not be considered a model parameter. For example, BatchNorm’s running_mean is not a parameter, but is part of the module’s state. Buffers, by default, are persistent and will be saved alongside parameters. This behavior can be changed by setting persistent to False. The only difference between a persistent buffer and a non-persistent buffer is that the latter will not be a part of this module’s state_dict.

Buffers can be accessed as attributes using given names.

Parameters:

  • name (str) – name of the buffer. The buffer can be accessed from this module using the given name

  • tensor (Tensor or None) – buffer to be registered. If None, then operations that run on buffers, such as cuda, are ignored. If None, the buffer is not included in the module’s state_dict.

  • persistent (bool) – whether the buffer is part of this module’s state_dict.

Example:

>>> # xdoctest: +SKIP("undefined vars")
>>> self.register_buffer('running_mean', torch.zeros(num_features))
register_forward_hook(hook: Union[Callable[[T, tuple[Any, ...], Any], Optional[Any]], Callable[[T, tuple[Any, ...], dict[str, Any], Any], Optional[Any]]], *, prepend: bool = False, with_kwargs: bool = False, always_call: bool = False) → RemovableHandle

Register a forward hook on the module.

The hook will be called every time after forward() has computed an output.

If with_kwargs is False or not specified, the input contains only the positional arguments given to the module. Keyword arguments won’t be passed to the hooks and only to the forward. The hook can modify the output. It can modify the input inplace but it will not have effect on forward since this is called after forward() is called. The hook should have the following signature:

hook(module, args, output) -> None or modified output

If with_kwargs is True, the forward hook will be passed the kwargs given to the forward function and be expected to return the output possibly modified. The hook should have the following signature:

hook(module, args, kwargs, output) -> None or modified output
Parameters:

  • hook (Callable) – The user defined hook to be registered.

  • prepend (bool) – If True, the provided hook will be fired before all existing forward hooks on this torch.nn.Module. Otherwise, the provided hook will be fired after all existing forward hooks on this torch.nn.Module. Note that global forward hooks registered with register_module_forward_hook() will fire before all hooks registered by this method. Default: False

  • with_kwargs (bool) – If True, the hook will be passed the kwargs given to the forward function. Default: False

  • always_call (bool) – If True the hook will be run regardless of whether an exception is raised while calling the Module. Default: False

Returns:

a handle that can be used to remove the added hook by calling handle.remove()

Return type:

torch.utils.hooks.RemovableHandle

register_forward_pre_hook(hook: Union[Callable[[T, tuple[Any, ...]], Optional[Any]], Callable[[T, tuple[Any, ...], dict[str, Any]], Optional[tuple[Any, dict[str, Any]]]]], *, prepend: bool = False, with_kwargs: bool = False) → RemovableHandle

Register a forward pre-hook on the module.

The hook will be called every time before forward() is invoked.

If with_kwargs is false or not specified, the input contains only the positional arguments given to the module. Keyword arguments won’t be passed to the hooks and only to the forward. The hook can modify the input. User can either return a tuple or a single modified value in the hook. We will wrap the value into a tuple if a single value is returned (unless that value is already a tuple). The hook should have the following signature:

hook(module, args) -> None or modified input

If with_kwargs is true, the forward pre-hook will be passed the kwargs given to the forward function. And if the hook modifies the input, both the args and kwargs should be returned. The hook should have the following signature:

hook(module, args, kwargs) -> None or a tuple of modified input and kwargs
Parameters:

  • hook (Callable) – The user defined hook to be registered.

  • prepend (bool) – If true, the provided hook will be fired before all existing forward_pre hooks on this torch.nn.Module. Otherwise, the provided hook will be fired after all existing forward_pre hooks on this torch.nn.Module. Note that global forward_pre hooks registered with register_module_forward_pre_hook() will fire before all hooks registered by this method. Default: False

  • with_kwargs (bool) – If true, the hook will be passed the kwargs given to the forward function. Default: False

Returns:

a handle that can be used to remove the added hook by calling handle.remove()

Return type:

torch.utils.hooks.RemovableHandle

register_full_backward_hook(hook: Callable[[Module, Union[tuple[torch.Tensor, ...], Tensor], Union[tuple[torch.Tensor, ...], Tensor]], Union[None, tuple[torch.Tensor, ...], Tensor]], prepend: bool = False) → RemovableHandle

Register a backward hook on the module.

The hook will be called every time the gradients with respect to a module are computed, and its firing rules are as follows:

  1. Ordinarily, the hook fires when the gradients are computed with respect to the module inputs.

  2. If none of the module inputs require gradients, the hook will fire when the gradients are computed with respect to module outputs.

  3. If none of the module outputs require gradients, then the hooks will not fire.

The hook should have the following signature:

hook(module, grad_input, grad_output) -> tuple(Tensor) or None

The grad_input and grad_output are tuples that contain the gradients with respect to the inputs and outputs respectively. The hook should not modify its arguments, but it can optionally return a new gradient with respect to the input that will be used in place of grad_input in subsequent computations. grad_input will only correspond to the inputs given as positional arguments and all kwarg arguments are ignored. Entries in grad_input and grad_output will be None for all non-Tensor arguments.

For technical reasons, when this hook is applied to a Module, its forward function will receive a view of each Tensor passed to the Module. Similarly the caller will receive a view of each Tensor returned by the Module’s forward function.

Warning

Modifying inputs or outputs inplace is not allowed when using backward hooks and will raise an error.

Parameters:

  • hook (Callable) – The user-defined hook to be registered.

  • prepend (bool) – If true, the provided hook will be fired before all existing backward hooks on this torch.nn.Module. Otherwise, the provided hook will be fired after all existing backward hooks on this torch.nn.Module. Note that global backward hooks registered with register_module_full_backward_hook() will fire before all hooks registered by this method.

Returns:

a handle that can be used to remove the added hook by calling handle.remove()

Return type:

torch.utils.hooks.RemovableHandle

register_full_backward_pre_hook(hook: Callable[[Module, Union[tuple[torch.Tensor, ...], Tensor]], Union[None, tuple[torch.Tensor, ...], Tensor]], prepend: bool = False) → RemovableHandle

Register a backward pre-hook on the module.

The hook will be called every time the gradients for the module are computed. The hook should have the following signature:

hook(module, grad_output) -> tuple[Tensor] or None

The grad_output is a tuple. The hook should not modify its arguments, but it can optionally return a new gradient with respect to the output that will be used in place of grad_output in subsequent computations. Entries in grad_output will be None for all non-Tensor arguments.

For technical reasons, when this hook is applied to a Module, its forward function will receive a view of each Tensor passed to the Module. Similarly the caller will receive a view of each Tensor returned by the Module’s forward function.

Warning

Modifying inputs inplace is not allowed when using backward hooks and will raise an error.

Parameters:

  • hook (Callable) – The user-defined hook to be registered.

  • prepend (bool) – If true, the provided hook will be fired before all existing backward_pre hooks on this torch.nn.Module. Otherwise, the provided hook will be fired after all existing backward_pre hooks on this torch.nn.Module. Note that global backward_pre hooks registered with register_module_full_backward_pre_hook() will fire before all hooks registered by this method.

Returns:

a handle that can be used to remove the added hook by calling handle.remove()

Return type:

torch.utils.hooks.RemovableHandle

register_load_state_dict_post_hook(hook)

Register a post-hook to be run after module’s load_state_dict() is called.

It should have the following signature::

hook(module, incompatible_keys) -> None

The module argument is the current module that this hook is registered on, and the incompatible_keys argument is a NamedTuple consisting of attributes missing_keys and unexpected_keys. missing_keys is a list of str containing the missing keys and unexpected_keys is a list of str containing the unexpected keys.

The given incompatible_keys can be modified inplace if needed.

Note that the checks performed when calling load_state_dict() with strict=True are affected by modifications the hook makes to missing_keys or unexpected_keys, as expected. Additions to either set of keys will result in an error being thrown when strict=True, and clearing out both missing and unexpected keys will avoid an error.

Returns:

a handle that can be used to remove the added hook by calling handle.remove()

Return type:

torch.utils.hooks.RemovableHandle

register_load_state_dict_pre_hook(hook)

Register a pre-hook to be run before module’s load_state_dict() is called.

It should have the following signature::

hook(module, state_dict, prefix, local_metadata, strict, missing_keys, unexpected_keys, error_msgs) -> None # noqa: B950

Parameters:

hook (Callable) – Callable hook that will be invoked before loading the state dict.

register_module(name: str, module: Optional[Module]) → None

Alias for add_module().

register_parameter(name: str, param: Optional[Parameter]) → None

Add a parameter to the module.

The parameter can be accessed as an attribute using given name.

Parameters:

  • name (str) – name of the parameter. The parameter can be accessed from this module using the given name

  • param (Parameter or None) – parameter to be added to the module. If None, then operations that run on parameters, such as cuda, are ignored. If None, the parameter is not included in the module’s state_dict.

register_state_dict_post_hook(hook)

Register a post-hook for the state_dict() method.

It should have the following signature::

hook(module, state_dict, prefix, local_metadata) -> None

The registered hooks can modify the state_dict inplace.

register_state_dict_pre_hook(hook)

Register a pre-hook for the state_dict() method.

It should have the following signature::

hook(module, prefix, keep_vars) -> None

The registered hooks can be used to perform pre-processing before the state_dict call is made.

requires_grad_(requires_grad: bool = True) → Self

Change if autograd should record operations on parameters in this module.

This method sets the parameters’ requires_grad attributes in-place.

This method is helpful for freezing part of the module for finetuning or training parts of a model individually (e.g., GAN training).

See Locally disabling gradient computation for a comparison between .requires_grad_() and several similar mechanisms that may be confused with it.

Parameters:

requires_grad (bool) – whether autograd should record operations on parameters in this module. Default: True.

Returns:

self

Return type:

Module

reset_out_keys()

Resets the out_keys attribute to its orignal value.

Returns: the same module, with its original out_keys values.

Examples

>>> from tensordict import TensorDict
>>> from tensordict.nn import TensorDictModule, TensorDictSequential
>>> import torch
>>> mod = TensorDictModule(lambda x, y: (x+2, y+2), in_keys=["a", "b"], out_keys=["c", "d"])
>>> mod.select_out_keys("d")
>>> td = TensorDict({"a": torch.zeros(()), "b": torch.ones(())}, [])
>>> mod(td)
TensorDict(
    fields={
        a: Tensor(shape=torch.Size([]), device=cpu, dtype=torch.float32, is_shared=False),
        b: Tensor(shape=torch.Size([]), device=cpu, dtype=torch.float32, is_shared=False),
        d: Tensor(shape=torch.Size([]), device=cpu, dtype=torch.float32, is_shared=False)},
    batch_size=torch.Size([]),
    device=None,
    is_shared=False)
>>> mod.reset_out_keys()
>>> mod(td)
TensorDict(
    fields={
        a: Tensor(shape=torch.Size([]), device=cpu, dtype=torch.float32, is_shared=False),
        b: Tensor(shape=torch.Size([]), device=cpu, dtype=torch.float32, is_shared=False),
        c: Tensor(shape=torch.Size([]), device=cpu, dtype=torch.float32, is_shared=False),
        d: Tensor(shape=torch.Size([]), device=cpu, dtype=torch.float32, is_shared=False)},
    batch_size=torch.Size([]),
    device=None,
    is_shared=False)
reset_parameters_recursive()

Reset the parameters of the module.

select_out_keys(*out_keys) → TensorDictModuleBase

Selects the keys that will be found in the output tensordict.

This is useful whenever one wants to get rid of intermediate keys in a complicated graph, or when the presence of these keys may trigger unexpected behaviours.

The original out_keys can still be accessed via module.out_keys_source.

Parameters:

*out_keys (a sequence of strings or tuples of strings) – the out_keys that should be found in the output tensordict.

Returns: the same module, modified in-place with updated out_keys.

The simplest usage is with TensorDictModule:

Examples

>>> from tensordict import TensorDict
>>> from tensordict.nn import TensorDictModule, TensorDictSequential
>>> import torch
>>> mod = TensorDictModule(lambda x, y: (x+2, y+2), in_keys=["a", "b"], out_keys=["c", "d"])
>>> td = TensorDict({"a": torch.zeros(()), "b": torch.ones(())}, [])
>>> mod(td)
TensorDict(
    fields={
        a: Tensor(shape=torch.Size([]), device=cpu, dtype=torch.float32, is_shared=False),
        b: Tensor(shape=torch.Size([]), device=cpu, dtype=torch.float32, is_shared=False),
        c: Tensor(shape=torch.Size([]), device=cpu, dtype=torch.float32, is_shared=False),
        d: Tensor(shape=torch.Size([]), device=cpu, dtype=torch.float32, is_shared=False)},
    batch_size=torch.Size([]),
    device=None,
    is_shared=False)
>>> mod.select_out_keys("d")
>>> td = TensorDict({"a": torch.zeros(()), "b": torch.ones(())}, [])
>>> mod(td)
TensorDict(
    fields={
        a: Tensor(shape=torch.Size([]), device=cpu, dtype=torch.float32, is_shared=False),
        b: Tensor(shape=torch.Size([]), device=cpu, dtype=torch.float32, is_shared=False),
        d: Tensor(shape=torch.Size([]), device=cpu, dtype=torch.float32, is_shared=False)},
    batch_size=torch.Size([]),
    device=None,
    is_shared=False)

This feature will also work with dispatched arguments: .. rubric:: Examples

>>> mod(torch.zeros(()), torch.ones(()))
tensor(2.)

This change will occur in-place (ie the same module will be returned with an updated list of out_keys). It can be reverted using the TensorDictModuleBase.reset_out_keys() method.

Examples

>>> mod.reset_out_keys()
>>> mod(TensorDict({"a": torch.zeros(()), "b": torch.ones(())}, []))
TensorDict(
    fields={
        a: Tensor(shape=torch.Size([]), device=cpu, dtype=torch.float32, is_shared=False),
        b: Tensor(shape=torch.Size([]), device=cpu, dtype=torch.float32, is_shared=False),
        c: Tensor(shape=torch.Size([]), device=cpu, dtype=torch.float32, is_shared=False),
        d: Tensor(shape=torch.Size([]), device=cpu, dtype=torch.float32, is_shared=False)},
    batch_size=torch.Size([]),
    device=None,
    is_shared=False)

This will work with other classes too, such as Sequential: .. rubric:: Examples

>>> from tensordict.nn import TensorDictSequential
>>> seq = TensorDictSequential(
...     TensorDictModule(lambda x: x+1, in_keys=["x"], out_keys=["y"]),
...     TensorDictModule(lambda x: x+1, in_keys=["y"], out_keys=["z"]),
... )
>>> td = TensorDict({"x": torch.zeros(())}, [])
>>> seq(td)
TensorDict(
    fields={
        x: Tensor(shape=torch.Size([]), device=cpu, dtype=torch.float32, is_shared=False),
        y: Tensor(shape=torch.Size([]), device=cpu, dtype=torch.float32, is_shared=False),
        z: Tensor(shape=torch.Size([]), device=cpu, dtype=torch.float32, is_shared=False)},
    batch_size=torch.Size([]),
    device=None,
    is_shared=False)
>>> seq.select_out_keys("z")
>>> td = TensorDict({"x": torch.zeros(())}, [])
>>> seq(td)
TensorDict(
    fields={
        x: Tensor(shape=torch.Size([]), device=cpu, dtype=torch.float32, is_shared=False),
        z: Tensor(shape=torch.Size([]), device=cpu, dtype=torch.float32, is_shared=False)},
    batch_size=torch.Size([]),
    device=None,
    is_shared=False)
set_extra_state(state: Any) → None

Set extra state contained in the loaded state_dict.

This function is called from load_state_dict() to handle any extra state found within the state_dict. Implement this function and a corresponding get_extra_state() for your module if you need to store extra state within its state_dict.

Parameters:

state (dict) – Extra state from the state_dict

set_keys(**kwargs) → None

Set tensordict key names.

Examples

>>> from torchrl.objectives import DQNLoss
>>> # initialize the DQN loss
>>> actor = torch.nn.Linear(3, 4)
>>> dqn_loss = DQNLoss(actor, action_space="one-hot")
>>> dqn_loss.set_keys(priority_key="td_error", action_value_key="action_value")
set_submodule(target: str, module: Module, strict: bool = False) → None

Set the submodule given by target if it exists, otherwise throw an error.

Note

If strict is set to False (default), the method will replace an existing submodule or create a new submodule if the parent module exists. If strict is set to True, the method will only attempt to replace an existing submodule and throw an error if the submodule does not exist.

For example, let’s say you have an nn.Module A that looks like this:

A(
    (net_b): Module(
        (net_c): Module(
            (conv): Conv2d(3, 3, 3)
        )
        (linear): Linear(3, 3)
    )
)

(The diagram shows an nn.Module A. A has a nested submodule net_b, which itself has two submodules net_c and linear. net_c then has a submodule conv.)

To override the Conv2d with a new submodule Linear, you could call set_submodule("net_b.net_c.conv", nn.Linear(1, 1)) where strict could be True or False

To add a new submodule Conv2d to the existing net_b module, you would call set_submodule("net_b.conv", nn.Conv2d(1, 1, 1)).

In the above if you set strict=True and call set_submodule("net_b.conv", nn.Conv2d(1, 1, 1), strict=True), an AttributeError will be raised because net_b does not have a submodule named conv.

Parameters:

  • target – The fully-qualified string name of the submodule to look for. (See above example for how to specify a fully-qualified string.)

  • module – The module to set the submodule to.

  • strict – If False, the method will replace an existing submodule or create a new submodule if the parent module exists. If True, the method will only attempt to replace an existing submodule and throw an error if the submodule doesn’t already exist.

Raises:

  • ValueError – If the target string is empty or if module is not an instance of nn.Module.

  • AttributeError – If at any point along the path resulting from the target string the (sub)path resolves to a non-existent attribute name or an object that is not an instance of nn.Module.

share_memory() → Self

See torch.Tensor.share_memory_().

state_dict(*args, destination=None, prefix='', keep_vars=False)

Return a dictionary containing references to the whole state of the module.

Both parameters and persistent buffers (e.g. running averages) are included. Keys are corresponding parameter and buffer names. Parameters and buffers set to None are not included.

Note

The returned object is a shallow copy. It contains references to the module’s parameters and buffers.

Warning

Currently state_dict() also accepts positional arguments for destination, prefix and keep_vars in order. However, this is being deprecated and keyword arguments will be enforced in future releases.

Warning

Please avoid the use of argument destination as it is not designed for end-users.

Parameters:

  • destination (dict, optional) – If provided, the state of module will be updated into the dict and the same object is returned. Otherwise, an OrderedDict will be created and returned. Default: None.

  • prefix (str, optional) – a prefix added to parameter and buffer names to compose the keys in state_dict. Default: ''.

  • keep_vars (bool, optional) – by default the Tensor s returned in the state dict are detached from autograd. If it’s set to True, detaching will not be performed. Default: False.

Returns:

a dictionary containing a whole state of the module

Return type:

dict

Example:

>>> # xdoctest: +SKIP("undefined vars")
>>> module.state_dict().keys()
['bias', 'weight']
to(*args, **kwargs)

Move and/or cast the parameters and buffers.

This can be called as

to(device=None, dtype=None, non_blocking=False)
to(dtype, non_blocking=False)
to(tensor, non_blocking=False)
to(memory_format=torch.channels_last)

Its signature is similar to torch.Tensor.to(), but only accepts floating point or complex dtypes. In addition, this method will only cast the floating point or complex parameters and buffers to dtype (if given). The integral parameters and buffers will be moved device, if that is given, but with dtypes unchanged. When non_blocking is set, it tries to convert/move asynchronously with respect to the host if possible, e.g., moving CPU Tensors with pinned memory to CUDA devices.

See below for examples.

Note

This method modifies the module in-place.

Parameters:

  • device (torch.device) – the desired device of the parameters and buffers in this module

  • dtype (torch.dtype) – the desired floating point or complex dtype of the parameters and buffers in this module

  • tensor (torch.Tensor) – Tensor whose dtype and device are the desired dtype and device for all parameters and buffers in this module

  • memory_format (torch.memory_format) – the desired memory format for 4D parameters and buffers in this module (keyword only argument)

Returns:

self

Return type:

Module

Examples:

>>> # xdoctest: +IGNORE_WANT("non-deterministic")
>>> linear = nn.Linear(2, 2)
>>> linear.weight
Parameter containing:
tensor([[ 0.1913, -0.3420],
        [-0.5113, -0.2325]])
>>> linear.to(torch.double)
Linear(in_features=2, out_features=2, bias=True)
>>> linear.weight
Parameter containing:
tensor([[ 0.1913, -0.3420],
        [-0.5113, -0.2325]], dtype=torch.float64)
>>> # xdoctest: +REQUIRES(env:TORCH_DOCTEST_CUDA1)
>>> gpu1 = torch.device("cuda:1")
>>> linear.to(gpu1, dtype=torch.half, non_blocking=True)
Linear(in_features=2, out_features=2, bias=True)
>>> linear.weight
Parameter containing:
tensor([[ 0.1914, -0.3420],
        [-0.5112, -0.2324]], dtype=torch.float16, device='cuda:1')
>>> cpu = torch.device("cpu")
>>> linear.to(cpu)
Linear(in_features=2, out_features=2, bias=True)
>>> linear.weight
Parameter containing:
tensor([[ 0.1914, -0.3420],
        [-0.5112, -0.2324]], dtype=torch.float16)

>>> linear = nn.Linear(2, 2, bias=None).to(torch.cdouble)
>>> linear.weight
Parameter containing:
tensor([[ 0.3741+0.j,  0.2382+0.j],
        [ 0.5593+0.j, -0.4443+0.j]], dtype=torch.complex128)
>>> linear(torch.ones(3, 2, dtype=torch.cdouble))
tensor([[0.6122+0.j, 0.1150+0.j],
        [0.6122+0.j, 0.1150+0.j],
        [0.6122+0.j, 0.1150+0.j]], dtype=torch.complex128)
to_empty(*, device: Optional[Union[int, str, device]], recurse: bool = True) → Self

Move the parameters and buffers to the specified device without copying storage.

Parameters:

  • device (torch.device) – The desired device of the parameters and buffers in this module.

  • recurse (bool) – Whether parameters and buffers of submodules should be recursively moved to the specified device.

Returns:

self

Return type:

Module

train(mode: bool = True) → Self

Set the module in training mode.

This has an effect only on certain modules. See the documentation of particular modules for details of their behaviors in training/evaluation mode, i.e., whether they are affected, e.g. Dropout, BatchNorm, etc.

Parameters:

mode (bool) – whether to set training mode (True) or evaluation mode (False). Default: True.

Returns:

self

Return type:

Module

type(dst_type: Union[dtype, str]) → Self

Casts all parameters and buffers to dst_type.

Note

This method modifies the module in-place.

Parameters:

dst_type (type or string) – the desired type

Returns:

self

Return type:

Module

property value_estimator: ValueEstimatorBase

The value function blends in the reward and value estimate(s) from upcoming state(s)/state-action pair(s) into a target value estimate for the value network.

property vmap_randomness

Vmap random mode.

The vmap randomness mode controls what vmap() should do when dealing with functions with a random outcome such as randn() and rand(). If “error”, any random function will raise an exception indicating that vmap does not know how to handle the random call.

If “different”, every element of the batch along which vmap is being called will behave differently. If “same”, vmaps will copy the same result across all elements.

vmap_randomness defaults to “error” if no random module is detected, and to “different” in other cases. By default, only a limited number of modules are listed as random, but the list can be extended using the add_random_module() function.

This property supports setting its value.

xpu(device: Optional[Union[device, int]] = None) → Self

Move all model parameters and buffers to the XPU.

This also makes associated parameters and buffers different objects. So it should be called before constructing optimizer if the module will live on XPU while being optimized.

Note

This method modifies the module in-place.

Parameters:

device (int, optional) – if specified, all parameters will be copied to that device

Returns:

self

Return type:

Module

zero_grad(set_to_none: bool = True) → None

Reset gradients of all model parameters.

See similar function under torch.optim.Optimizer for more context.

Parameters:

set_to_none (bool) – instead of setting to zero, set the grads to None. See torch.optim.Optimizer.zero_grad() for details.

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